what's here
see also
resources on muscle physiology
[ under construction ]
what's here
also called "dorsal flexion".
function: pull the toes up toward the hip.
geometry: foot rotates about a roughly horizontal side-to-side axis
through ankle joint, so the toes move upward toward the hip joint.
video: see "more info" links below.
anatomical: shin, a.k.a. tibias, tibias anterior. (see ExRx links
below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
also called "plantar flexion".
function: push the toes down away from the hip.
geometry: foot rotates about a roughly horizontal side-to-side axis
through ankle joint, so the toes move downward away from the hip joint.
video: see "more info" links below.
anatomical: calf, a.k.a. gastrocnemius and soleus. (see ExRx links
below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
also called "eversion of the foot".
function: move the foot outward relative to the ankle, so sole of the
foot faces more outward. Another way to see it is that the ankle "falls"
toward the inside relative to a plane containing the heel, toe, and hip.
geometry: foot rotates about a roughly horizontal front-back axis
through ankle joint, in the sense that the foot moves outward.
video: [ to be added ]
anatomical: (see ExRx links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
also called "inversion of the foot".
function: move the foot inward relative to the ankle, so sole of the
foot faces more inward. Another way to see it is that the ankle moves
toward the outside relative to a plane containing the heel, toe, and
hip.
geometry: foot rotates about a roughly horizontal front-back axis
through ankle joint, in the sense that the foot moves inward.
video: [ to be added ]
anatomical: (see ExRx links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
function: move the lower leg backward relative to the upper leg.
geometry: lower leg is rotated about a roughly horizontal side-side
axis through knee joint, in the sense that the foot moves backward.
video: see "more info" links below.
anatomical: hamstring (see ExRx links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
function: move the lower leg forward relative to the upper leg (like
kicking a ball).
geometry: lower leg is rotated about a roughly horizontal side-side
axis through knee joint, in the sense that the foot moves forward.
video: see "more info" links below.
anatomical: quadriceps (see ExRx links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
-
skating leg push for pushing out toward the side.
-
skating for raising weight of upper body to drop it onto pole-push.
-
classic double-poling to raise weight of upper body to drop it onto
pole-push.
-
classic striding to raise weight up upper body to drop it onto
pole-push and/or the next leg-push.
function and geometry: leg rotates from the hip around the
longitudinal axis of the upper leg bone (femur), so the knee moves
toward the inside (toward the center-line of the body).
video: [ to be added ]
anatomical: tensor fasciae latae, gluteus minimus (see ExRx links
below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
function and geometry: leg rotates from the hip around the
longitudinal axis of the upper leg bone (femur), so the knee moves
toward the outside (away from the center-line of the body).
video: [ to be added ]
anatomical: ? gemellus, obturator, quadratus ? (see "more info" links
below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
??
??
function: move the entire leg from the hip joint, so the knee and
foot move forward.
geometry: leg rotates from a (roughly) side-to-side horizontal axis
through the hip joint, in the sense that moves the knee and foot
forward.
anatomical: iliopsoas, etc. (see "more info" links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
function: move the entire leg from the hip joint, so the knee and
foot move backward.
geometry: leg rotates from a (roughly) side-to-side horizontal axis
through the hip joint, in the sense that moves the knee and foot
backward.
anatomical: gluteus maximus. (see "more info" links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
function: move the entire leg from the hip joint, so the knee and
foot move out toward the side.
geometry: leg rotates from a (roughly) front-back horizontal axis
through the hip joint, in the sense that moves the foot outward away
from the other leg.
video: see ExRx links below.
anatomical: gluteus medius, gluteus maximus (see ExRx links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
supportive uses:
- weight-transfer in classic striding
function: move the entire leg from the hip joint, so the knee and foot move
in toward the other leg.
geometry: leg rotates from a (roughly) front-back horizontal axis
through the hip joint, in the sense that moves the foot inward toward
the other leg.
video: see ExRx links below.
anatomical muscles: adductors, etc. (see ExRx links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
supportive uses:
- weight-transfer in classic striding
function and geometry: From a roughly vertical axis in the abdominal
or lumbar area, the pelvis + hips rotate opposite to the thorax + rib
cage.
Normally this is described as moving the
thorax + rib cage relative to the pelvis + hips held fixed. But it can
also be described the other way: rotating the pelvis + hips relative to
the thorax + rib cage held fixed. Or with the thorax + rib cage also
rotating, in the opposite sense. It's the second or third way that work
in skating.
From the perspective of the hip joint of the currently pushing leg,
as the pelvis + hips rotate about a roughly vertical axis, the other
non-pushing hip joint moves forward, and that's why some of us like to
call this move "forward hip rotation".
Though it could be more accurate to call it
"forward hips rotation", since it's the pair of hips that
rotates, and the rotation is about the axis of the spine, not about any
axis through any hip joint.
Another mental image is to think of this move
as making a forward step from high underneath the rib cage.
Of course, it would also be possible to rotate the hips vertically in
the other direction, so the non-pushing hip moved backward relative to
the currently pushing hip. Such a "backward hip rotation" move would be
negative for forward propulsion, so it is not included in this list of
skating moves.
Actually this "backward hip rotation" move is
not unusual in skaters, especially ski-skaters who have been taught the
"Nose-Knees-Toes" concept. Although it is not required by the NKT
concept, this backward hip move is the simplest way to execute NKT.
video: see ExRx link below.
anatomical: ?? (see "more info" links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
what's here
also called lumbar or thoracic spine flexion
function: change the bend of the spine so it has overall move forward
curvature.
So if the spine started in a straight
configuration, this flexion move would tend to bend it forward.
video: see ExRx link below.
anatomical: rectus abdominis, etc. (see "more info" links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
-
classic striding leg push
-
double-poling pole push
also called lumbar or thoracic spine extension
function: change the forward bend of the spine so it has overall less
forward curvature.
(or "hyperextension" would be to bend the
spine in a more backward direction)
So if the spine started in a forward-bend
configuration, this extension move would tend to straighten it up.
The move of stopping the falling and then raising the mass of upper
body applies beneficial reactive down-force thru the leg
video: see ExRx link below.
anatomical: erector spinae, etc. (see "more info" links below).
sources of more info:
propulsive uses:
- upper body reactive-down force for Skating with No Poles.
- recovery from pole-push, and gain of gravitational potential
energy for next pole-push in V1 skate, V2 skate, and Open Field
Skate.
- recovery from pole-push, and gain of gravitational potential
energy for next pole-push in classic striding and double-poling.
[ to be added ]
abdomen-torso side-swing
includes "lateral flexion of the spine" or "abduction of the spine".
propulsive uses:
- for reactive
side-force in skating.
[ more to be added ]
chest-shoulder side-swing
perhaps another variation on "lateral flexion of the spine" or
"abduction of the spine".
for
reactive side force
(? perhaps distinct from the lower abdoment-torso move ?)
propulsive uses:
- for reactive
side-force in skating.
[ more to be added ]
full-arm-from-shoulder inward side-swing
side-swing of entire arm from shoulder
propulsive uses:
- for reactive
side-force in skating.
[ more to be added ]
full-arm-from-shoulder outward side-swing
side-swing of entire arm from shoulder
propulsive uses:
- for reactive
side-force in skating.
[ more to be added ]
forearm-from-elbow inward side-swing
swing of lower arm from elbow
(perhaps distinct from side-swing of entire arm from shoulder)
propulsive uses:
- for reactive
side-force in skating.
[ more to be added ]
forearm-from-elbow outward side-swing
swing of lower arm from elbow
(perhaps distinct from side-swing of entire arm from shoulder)
propulsive uses:
- for reactive
side-force in skating.
[ more to be added ]
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